This unit focuses on biological factors that enable behaviours to occur by examining the adult and developing nervous, endocrine, immunological, and musculoskeletal systems and their contributions to automatic functions; basic drives such as thirst, hunger, and sex; and higher functions such as emotion, learning, and memory. Fundamentals will be obtained by examining the biological patterns associated with normal and abnormal human and animal behaviours (e.g., mood disorders, schizophrenia, degenerative and substance abuse disorders).  The unit will also provide an in-depth understanding of the structures and processes that allow humans to have sensory and perceptual experiences, along with a focus on psychophysical methods of investigation.